HowTo: Formatting Linux Filesystem

How do I format Linux file system? Can you tell me command names to format and create a Linux file system?

Formatting Linux filesystem is an essential task for sysadmin and may required for many reasons such as installing a new disk on server. If you want to expand file system or you just add a new hard disk drive or create separate partitions for security and performance reasons. Whatever may be your reason(s) all file system creating involves creations of superblock, inode and other filesystem metadata structure. Fortunately, Linux comes with mkfs command to format filesystem. It is used to build a Linux file system on a device, usually a hard disk partition. General syntax of mkfs is as follows:
mkfs -t filetype /dev/DEVICE
OR
mkfs.ext3 /dev/DEVICE
OR
mkfs.ext4 /dev/DEVICE
[donotprint]

Tutorial details
Difficulty level	Easy
Root privileges	Yes
Requirements	None
Est. reading time	5m

[/donotprint] Where,

• -t filetype : File system type, it can be ext3, ext2, etc4, vfat etc
• /dev/DEVICE : Your device name i.e. partition /dev/hda1 or /dev/sda1 etc.

An example

Suppose you would like to format /dev/hda5 with ext3 file system.

Warning: The first task is to allocate disk space for Linux. You will need to set up a partitioning scheme for your hard disk using a program called fdisk command.

Step #1 Create the new filesystem with following command (first login in as a root user)

# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda5
Sample outputs:

mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
30120 inodes, 120456 blocks
6022 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
15 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
     8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

Step # 2: Create mount point directory for the file system

# mkdir /datadisk1

Step # 3: Mount the new file system

# mount /dev/sda5 /datadisk1

Step # 4: Finally make sure file system /dev/hda5 automatically mounted at /datadisk1 mount point after system reboots. You need to add partition to /etc/fstab file. Use text editor such as vi to add following entry

# vi /etc/fstab

Add/append following entry to file:
/dev/sda5 /datadisk1 ext3 defaults 0 2

Where,

• /dev/sda5 : File system or parition name
• /datadisk1 : Mount point
• ext3 : File system type
• defaults : Mount options (Read man page of mount command for all options)
• 0 : Indicates whether you need to include or exclude this filesystem from dump command backup. Zero means this filesystem does not required dump.
• 2 : It is used by the fsck program to determine the order in which filesystem checks are done at reboot time. The root (/) filesystem should be specified with a #1, and otherfilesystems should have a # 2 value.

Save file and exit to shell prompt. For more information see mkfs(8) page.

Category	List of Unix and Linux commands
Disk space analyzers	df • duf • ncdu • pydf
File Management	cat • cp • mkdir • tree
Firewall	Alpine Awall • CentOS 8 • OpenSUSE • RHEL 8 • Ubuntu 16.04 • Ubuntu 18.04 • Ubuntu 20.04
Modern utilities	bat • exa
Network Utilities	NetHogs • dig • host • ip • nmap
OpenVPN	CentOS 7 • CentOS 8 • Debian 10 • Debian 8/9 • Ubuntu 18.04 • Ubuntu 20.04
Package Manager	apk • apt
Processes Management	bg • chroot • cron • disown • fg • glances • gtop • jobs • killall • kill • pidof • pstree • pwdx • time • vtop
Searching	ag • grep • whereis • which
User Information	groups • id • lastcomm • last • lid/libuser-lid • logname • members • users • whoami • who • w
WireGuard VPN	Alpine • CentOS 8 • Debian 10 • Firewall • Ubuntu 20.04