I am a new Linux system user and Ubuntu Linux. I do not want to open up the computer hardware to just see the make and model of the graphics card in a system. How do I find out which graphics card installed in my Linux desktop or laptop system?

You do not have to open the hardware, desktop, laptop computer powered by Linux to see the make and model of the graphics card in a system. There is a direct method provided by using lspci and other commands on Linux to get hardware information. You need to use the following commands to find out graphics cards in Linux using the CLI and GUI methods:

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1. lspci command
2. lshw command
3. grep command
4. update-pciids command
5. GUI tools such as hardinfo and gnome-system-information command.

Linux Find Out Graphics Card Information

First you need to update the PCI ID database.

Download the latest version of the PCI ID list

Grab the current version of the pci.ids file from the Internet:
$ sudo update-pciids
OR
# update-pciids
Sample outputs:

 
[sudo] password for vivek: 
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  259k  100  259k    0     0  54946      0  0:00:04  0:00:04 --:--:-- 55497
Done.

How to check graphics card on Linux

Type the following lspci command. It will usually tell you the vendor and model of your card. Open the Terminal/xterminal or shell prompt and type the command:
$ lspci
$ lspci -v
$ lspci -v | less

Sample outputs:

00:01.0 PCI bridge: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] PCI/PCI-X Bridge
00:02.0 Host bridge: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] Legacy South Bridge
00:02.1 IDE interface: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] IDE
00:02.2 ISA bridge: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] LPC
00:03.0 USB Controller: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] USB (rev 01)
00:03.1 USB Controller: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] USB (rev 01)
00:03.2 USB Controller: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] USB (rev 01)
00:05.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc Rage XL (rev 27)
00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] HyperTransport Technology Configuration
00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Address Map
00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] DRAM Controller
00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Miscellaneous Control
01:0d.0 PCI bridge: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] PCI/PCI-X Bridge (rev b2)
01:0e.0 RAID bus controller: Broadcom BCM5785 [HT1000] SATA (Native SATA Mode)
02:03.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5704 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 10)
02:03.1 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5704 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 10)

Look for video controller / vga / 3D keywords in above output listing. Please note that if you do not see your card, try updating pci database. It is a good idea to run update-pciids command to fetches the current version of the pci.ids file from the primary distribution site and installs it. You must run update-pciids command as root user:
$ sudo update-pciids
OR
# update-pciids

Example: Find out the model of my graphics card on my Laptop powered by Linux

Type the following lspci command along with grep command or egrep command:
$ lspci | grep -i --color 'vga\|3d\|2d'
## using egrep ##
$ lspci -v | egrep -i --color 'vga|3d|2d'
Sample outputs:

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GK104GLM [Quadro K5000M] (rev a1)

Please note the device ID # 01:00.0. Now, to get detailed information, enter:
$ sudo lspci -v -s 01:00.0
Sample outputs:

How to get the GPU info on Linux using GUI tools

Need to identify the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) in a Linux system using GUI tools? Try the following commands.

Hardware information GUI tool

Under Ubuntu or any other Linux distribution, open hardware information GUI tool by clicking on:
System > Preferences > Hardware information
Sample outputs:

On Gnome 3 based distro open settings and click on the details and choose About:

hardinfo – System Information GUI tool

You can install hardinfo with yum command or apt-get command:
$ sudo apt-get install hardinfo
Run it as follows:
$ hardinfo
Sample outputs:

lshw command

The lshw command provides detailed information on the hardware configuration of the machine. You can install it with yum or apt-get command:
# lshw -short
# lshw -short | grep -i --color display
Sample outputs:

/0/100/1/0                   display        GK104GLM [Quadro K5000M]

OR get detailed information:
# lshw -class display
Sample outputs:

  *-display               
       description: VGA compatible controller
       product: GK104GLM [Quadro K5000M]
       vendor: NVIDIA Corporation
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0
       version: a1
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom
       configuration: driver=nvidia latency=0
       resources: irq:16 memory:f5000000-f5ffffff memory:e0000000-efffffff memory:f0000000-f1ffffff ioport:e000(size=128) memory:f6000000-f607ffff

A note about Nvidia GPU users with Nvidia binary drivers

Just type the following command to get detailed information about NVIDIA GPU card:
$ nvidia-smi
Sample outputs:

Mon Jan 13 04:08:34 2014       
+------------------------------------------------------+                       
| NVIDIA-SMI 5.319.32   Driver Version: 319.32         |                       
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  Quadro K5000M       Off  | 0000:01:00.0      On |                  N/A |
| N/A   41C    P8    N/A /  N/A |       64MB /  4095MB |      0%      Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
                                                                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Compute processes:                                               GPU Memory |
|  GPU       PID  Process name                                     Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|  No running compute processes found                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

We can use GUI tool called nvidia-settings. It is a tool for configuring the NVIDIA graphics driver and give informaion. It operates by communicating with the NVIDIA X driver, querying and updating state as appropriate. This communiction is done via the X extensions. For example, open the terminal app and then type:
$ nvidia-settings

Linux Find Out GPU Information Using the glxinfo

Run the following glxinfo command on Linux to find GPU name, vendor, video card RAM size and more:
$ glxinfo -B

Finding graphics cards on Linux Laptops

Many laptops have two GPUs like integrated Intel and dedicated Nvidia/AMD card. In any case you need to use the lspci command as follows:
sudo lspci -v | more
sudo lspci -v | most
sudo lspci -v | grep -i vga

00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation UHD Graphics 630 (Mobile) (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation TU117M [GeForce GTX 1650 Mobile / Max-Q] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
	Bus: primary=05, secondary=2d, subordinate=51, sec-latency=0

So I have Hybrid-graphics. It is nothing but two graphics cards on same computer. Typically Laptop comes with two graphic cards with different power consumptions on a single system. In this case I have both Intel and Nvidia GPUs. In such case I can select card using the prime-select command:
prime-select intel
prime-select nvidia
prime-select on-demand
prime-select query
See lspci command man page here for more info and read NVIDIA Optimus and Bumblebee for details about NVidia using hybrid graphics with NVidia’s proprietary driver here.

Conclusion

This page listed various Linux commands to find out graphics card (GPU) using the command line options. Once you know about GPUa desktop or laptop computer has, you can install the correct driver on Linux.