Rsync Preserve / Copy Hard Links ( Backup Rsnapshot Directory Tree )

I‘m using rsnapshot filesystem snapshot utility to make incremental snapshots of local and remote filesystems for 10 production servers running on RHEL 5.x system. The rsnapshot commands makes extensive use of hard links, so if the file doesn’t change, the next snapshot is simply a hard link to the exact same file. How do I use the rsync command to copy my the entire snapshot directory /raid6/rsnapshot/ (around 4TB) to a remote server for mirroring purpose?

Tutorial details
Difficulty	Easy (rss)
Root privileges	Yes
Requirements	rsync
Time	2m

The rsync command can preserve hard links and make the exact copy of /raid6/rsnapshot/ directory to a remote server using the following syntax. This is useful for making offsite backups or copy existing backups to a usb hard disk. Let us see how to use rsync to preserve and copy hard Links, softlinks and other data.

Rsync Preserve / Copy Hard Links For Rsnapshot Backup Directory

The syntax is as follows to keep track of hard links when using rsync:
rsync -az -H --delete --numeric-ids /path/to/source server2:/path/to/dest/
## OR ##
rsync -az -H --delete --numeric-ids /path/to/source 192.168.1.5:/path/to/dest/
## OR ##
rsync -az -H --delete --progress --numeric-ids /path/to/source 192.168.1.5:/path/to/dest/

Where,

1. -a : Archive mode (i.e. recurse into directories, and preserve symlinks, file permissions, file modification times, file group, file owner, device files & special files)
2. -z : Compress file data during the transfer
3. -H : Preserve hard links (i.e. copy hard links as hard links)
4. --delete : Delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that aren't on the sending side), but only for the directories that are being synchronized i.e. keep exact replica of your /raid6/rsnapshot directory.
5. --numeric-ids : Transfer numeric group and user IDs rather than using user and group names and mapping them at both ends.
6. --progress : Show progress during transfer.

Rsync copy hard links

In short type the following command as root user to copy /raid6/rsanpshot to another backup server named backupserver2:
# rsync -az -H --delete --numeric-ids /raid6/rsanpshot backupserver2:/backups/
You can pull backups too from backupsrver2 as follows:
# rsync -az -H --delete --numeric-ids backupserver1:/raid6/rsanpshot /backups/
Smaller size directories can be dumped to usb 2.0/3.0 or eSata external hard drives using the same syntax. First, mount usb hard drive:
# mount /dev/sdXY /mnt/usbdisk
Next, use the rsync command as follows:
# rsync -az -H --delete --numeric-ids /raid6/rsanpshot /mnt/usbdisk/

Preserving and coping hard links with rsync command

We can set rsync speed limit from eating all bandwidth with –bwlimit option:
rsync -v -a --bwlimit=5000 -H --delete --numeric-ids rsnashot-prod user@192.168.2.19:/rsnapshot
The --bwlimit=KBPS option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate. The RATE value can be suffixed with a string to indicate a size multiplier, and may be a fractional value (e.g. "–bwlimit=2.5m").

Conclusion

You learned how to copy and preserve hard Links when using rsync command on Linux, macOS, FreeBSD or Unix-like systems.

Category	List of Unix and Linux commands
File Management	cat
Firewall	Alpine Awall • CentOS 8 • OpenSUSE • RHEL 8 • Ubuntu 16.04 • Ubuntu 18.04 • Ubuntu 20.04
Network Utilities	dig • host • ip • nmap
OpenVPN	CentOS 7 • CentOS 8 • Debian 10 • Debian 8/9 • Ubuntu 18.04 • Ubuntu 20.04
Package Manager	apk • apt
Processes Management	bg • chroot • cron • disown • fg • jobs • killall • kill • pidof • pstree • pwdx • time
Searching	grep • whereis • which
User Information	groups • id • lastcomm • last • lid/libuser-lid • logname • members • users • whoami • who • w
WireGuard VPN	Alpine • CentOS 8 • Debian 10 • Firewall • Ubuntu 20.04