hard links

Rsync Preserve / Copy Hard Links ( Backup Rsnapshot Directory Tree )

I‘m using rsnapshot filesystem snapshot utility to make incremental snapshots of local and remote filesystems for 10 production servers running on RHEL 5.x system. The rsnapshot commands makes extensive use of hard links, so if the file doesn’t change, the next snapshot is simply a hard link to the exact same file. How do I use the rsync command to copy my the entire snapshot directory /raid6/rsnapshot/ (around 4TB) to a remote server for mirroring purpose?
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restorecond: Will not restore a file with more than one hard link (/etc/resolv.conf) No such file or directory Error and Solution

I see the following error in my SELinux enabled CentOS or RHEL server:

Jun 21 13:58:43 server3 restorecond: Will not restore a file with more than one hard link (/etc/resolv.conf) No such file or directory
Jun 21 16:14:51 server3 restorecond: Will not restore a file with more than one hard link (/etc/resolv.conf) No such file or directory
Jun 22 13:32:23 server3 restorecond: Will not restore a file with more than one hard link (/etc/resolv.conf) No such file or directory

How do I fix this problem?
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Find the file permission without using ls -l command

Q. I need to find file permission and store the same to a shell variable. How do I find out the file permission without parsing ls -l output?

A. Use GNU stat command to display file or file system status. It has option to display output in specific format.

Display stat for /etc/passwd file

Type the following command:
$ stat /etc/passwd
Output:

  File: `/etc/passwd'
  Size: 1675            Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: 802h/2050d      Inode: 7899368     Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2007-12-05 08:20:31.000000000 +0530
Modify: 2007-12-04 23:36:50.000000000 +0530
Change: 2007-12-04 23:36:50.000000000 +0530

Print access rights in octal format:
$ stat -c %a /etc/passwd
Output:

644

Print access rights in human readable format, enter:
$ stat -c %A /etc/passwd
Output:

-rw-r--r--

Store access rights in octal format to a shell variable:
$ VAR=$(stat -c %a /etc/passwd)
$ echo $VAR

Other valid format sequences for files

  • %b : Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
  • %B : The size in bytes of each block reported
  • %d : Device number in decimal
  • %C : SELinux security context
  • %D : Device number in hex
  • %f : Raw mode in hex
  • %F : File type
  • %g : Group ID of owner
  • %G : Group name of owner
  • %h : Number of hard links
  • %i : Inode number
  • %n : File name
  • %N : Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
  • %o : I/O block size
  • %s : Total size, in bytes
  • %t : Major device type in hex
  • %T : Minor device type in hex
  • %u : User ID of owner
  • %U : User name of owner
  • %x : Time of last access
  • %X : Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
  • %y : Time of last modification
  • %Y : Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
  • %z : Time of last change
  • %Z : Time of last change as seconds since Epoch
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