Linux / Unix: Command Show Directory Listing

How do I display a directory listing using Linux or Unix command line options?

To see directories and its contents use the ls command. The syntax is:

ADVERTISEMENTS

ls

OR

ls -l

Sample outputs:

drwxr-xr-x  5 vivek vivek      4096 Nov 25  2011 utils
drwxr-xr-x  3 vivek vivek      4096 Aug 27 04:06 Videos
drwxr-xr-x  7 vivek vivek      4096 Jul 20 18:53 VirtualBox VMs
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek    110103 Oct 29 01:28 virtualenv.py
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek     92900 Oct 29 01:30 virtualenv.pyc
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek     87520 Aug 28 16:38 vivek@backup: ~_088.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek     82433 Jun 22 22:04 vivek@wks01: ~_006.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek    125942 Jul 19 01:25 vivek@wks01: ~_032.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek    125246 Jul 19 01:25 vivek@wks01: ~_033.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek    150330 Jul 21 00:16 vivek@wks01: ~_040.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek     35270 Aug 28 05:00 vivek@wks01: -tmp_077.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek     35537 Aug 28 05:01 vivek@wks01: -tmp_078.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek       729 Jan 24  2012 vpd.properties
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek         0 Jul 20 07:45 weather
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek   1870054 Jul 20 05:02 Workspace 1_035.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek   1449756 Jul 20 05:04 Workspace 1_036.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek   1911247 Jul 21 04:34 Workspace 1_045.png
-rw-r--r--  1 vivek vivek    541831 Sep  9 10:57 Workspace 1_107.png

To see directory listing for a directory called /etc, enter:
$ ls /etc
OR
$ ls -l /etc

More about the long format

From the ls command man page:

   The Long Format
     If the -l option is given, the following information is displayed for
     each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, MAC label,
     number of bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was
     last modified, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and
     the pathname.

     If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months in the past or
     future, and the -D or -T are not specified, then the year of the last
     modification is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.

     If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name, or the -n
     option is given, the numeric ID's are displayed.

     If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and
     minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field.  If
     the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is pre-
     ceded by ``->''.

     The listing of a directory's contents is preceded by a labeled total num-
     ber of blocks used in the file system by the files which are listed as
     the directory's contents (which may or may not include . and .. and other
     files which start with a dot, depending on other options).

     The default block size is 512 bytes.  The block size may be set with
     option -k or environment variable BLOCKSIZE.  Numbers of blocks in the
     output will have been rounded up so the numbers of bytes is at least as
     many as used by the corresponding file system blocks (which might have a
     different size).

     The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the entry type and
     the permissions.  The entry type character describes the type of file, as
     follows:

	   -	 Regular file.
	   b	 Block special file.
	   c	 Character special file.
	   d	 Directory.
	   l	 Symbolic link.
	   p	 FIFO.
	   s	 Socket.
	   w	 Whiteout.

     The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group
     permissions, and other permissions.  Each field has three character posi-
     tions:

	   1.	If r, the file is readable; if -, it is not readable.

	   2.	If w, the file is writable; if -, it is not writable.

	   3.	The first of the following that applies:

		      S     If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
			    cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
			    group permissions, the file is not executable and
			    set-group-ID mode is set.

		      s     If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-
			    cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
			    group permissions, the file is executable and set-
			    group-ID mode is set.

		      x     The file is executable or the directory is search-
			    able.

		      -     The file is neither readable, writable, exe-
			    cutable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode,
			    nor sticky.  (See below.)

		These next two apply only to the third character in the last
		group (other permissions).

		      T     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute
			    or search permission.  (See chmod(1) or
			    sticky(7).)

		      t     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is search-
			    able or executable.  (See chmod(1) or sticky(7).)

     The next field contains a plus (`+') character if the file has an ACL, or
     a space (` ') if it does not.  The ls utility does not show the actual
     ACL; use getfacl(1) to do this.

Category	List of Unix and Linux commands
File Management	cat
Firewall	Alpine Awall • CentOS 8 • OpenSUSE • RHEL 8 • Ubuntu 16.04 • Ubuntu 18.04 • Ubuntu 20.04
Network Utilities	dig • host • ip • nmap
OpenVPN	CentOS 7 • CentOS 8 • Debian 10 • Debian 8/9 • Ubuntu 18.04 • Ubuntu 20.04
Package Manager	apk • apt
Processes Management	bg • chroot • cron • disown • fg • jobs • killall • kill • pidof • pstree • pwdx • time
Searching	grep • whereis • which
User Information	groups • id • lastcomm • last • lid/libuser-lid • logname • members • users • whoami • who • w
WireGuard VPN	CentOS 8 • Debian 10 • Firewall • Ubuntu 20.04