The idea is very simple you want to limit who can use sshd based on a list of users. The text file contains a list of users that may not log in (or allowed to log in) using the SSH server. This is used for improving security.
PAM (Pluggable authentication modules) allows you to define flexible mechanism for authenticating users. My previous post demonstrated how to deny or allow users using sshd configuration option. However, if you want to block or deny a large number of users, use PAM configuration.
A note for new sys admins
- Backup all data and PAM configuration files before any modification 🙂
- Please be careful to perform the configuration option. Wrong configuration can lock down all login access including root access.
- Read this Linux-PAM configuration file syntax guide
- Now continue reading below for pam_listfile.so configration…
Use of pam_listfile.so module
This PAM module authenticates users based on the contents of a specified file. For example, if username exists in a file /etc/sshd/ssh.allow, sshd will grant login access.
How do I configure pam_listfile.so module to deny access?
You want to block a user, if user-name exists in a file /etc/sshd/sshd.deny file.
Open /etc/pam.d/ssh (or /etc/pam.d/sshd for RedHat and friends)
# vi /etc/pam.d/ssh
Append following line:
auth required pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/sshd/sshd.deny onerr=succeed
Save and close the file
Now add all usernames to /etc/sshd/sshd.deny file. Now a user is denied to login via sshd if they are listed in this file:
# vi /etc/sshd/sshd.deny
Append username per line:
user1
user2
...
Restart sshd service:
# /etc/init.d/sshd restart
Understanding the config directives:
- auth required pam_listfile.so : Name of module required while authenticating users.
- item=user : Check the username
- sense=deny : Deny user if existing in specified file
- file=/etc/sshd/sshd.deny : Name of file which contains the list of user (one user per line)
- onerr=succeed : If an error is encountered PAM will return status PAM_SUCCESS.
How do I configure pam_listfile.so module to allow access?
You want to ALLOW a user to use ssh, if user-name exists in a file /etc/sshd/sshd.allow file.
Open /etc/pam.d/ssh (or /etc/pam.d/sshd for RedHat and friends)
# vi /etc/pam.d/ssh
Append following line:
auth required pam_listfile.so item=user sense=allow file=/etc/sshd/sshd.allow onerr=fail
Save and close the file.
Now add all usernames to /etc/sshd/sshd.allow file. Now a user is allowed to login via sshd if they are listed in this file.
# vi /etc/sshd/sshd.allow
Append username per line:
tony
om
rocky
Restart sshd service (optional):
# /etc/init.d/sshd restart
Now if paul try to login using ssh he will get an error:
Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive).
Following log entry recorded into my log file (/var/log/secure or /var/log/auth.log file)
tail -f /var/log/auth.log
Output:
Jul 30 23:07:40 p5www2 sshd[12611]: PAM-listfile: Refused user paul for service ssh Jul 30 23:07:42 p5www2 sshd[12606]: error: PAM: Authentication failure for paul from 125.12.xx.xx
Understanding the config directives:
- auth required pam_listfile.so : Name of module required while authenticating users.
- item=user : Check or specify the username
- sense=allow : Allow user if existing in specified file
- file=/etc/sshd/sshd.allow : Name of file which contains the list of user (one user per line)
- onerr=fail : If filename does not exists or username formatting is not coreect it will not allow to login.
Further reading:
- Linux PAM guide for the system administrators’
- Sun Solaris PAM site has excellent information for both sys admins and developers
- Download the three Linux-PAM Guides, for system administrators, module developers, and application developers.
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This works great on local users it seems, but its not having any effect on ldap users, or groups, what would you suggest as a way to control their access?
It should work, you need to play with pam modules. Pam is designed for this kind of work only.
Hi,
If you want block all ssh access (via login/password) AND vi authorized_keys, you shoud use ‘account required pam_listfile.so item=user sense=allow file=/etc/ssh/sshd.allow onerr=succeed’
because ‘auth xxx’ line seems not checked if sshd use public keys authentification.
Bst Regard
GeraldH
It is working fine for ssh and scp.
Now I wants to block only the ssh login session. and I required the scp file transfer
anybody have an Idea
Article solved my problem!
In my experience, the line:
auth required pam_listfile.so item=user sense=allow file=/etc/sshd/sshd.allow onerr=fail
must be prepended (i.e., placed as the first line) in the file, not appended as this article states.
my config:
auth required /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user sense=allow file=/etc/sshd/user-sshd onerr=fail
user in user-sshd:
root
user1
user2
……
now root can’t remote the vps 🙁
if i login as root using putty, the console window (putty) closed immedietly when root loged to vps 🙁
how to solve my problem??? plis help me
boot from a rescue cd and edit the files.
As stated above it is key to prepend the line to allow it to be executed by pam. There is also no need at all to restart sshd.
hi,
it doesn’t work for my system. why?
It’s not working on openldap authentication with white list on /etc/ssh/ssh.allow.
Dec 14 18:47:11 PDCSERVER slapd[21346]: conn=64795871 op=1 SRCH base=”ou=Users,dc=kama,dc=in” scope=1 deref=0 filter=”(&(objectClass=shadowAccount)(uid=rana.taba))”
Dec 14 18:47:11 showa9 sshd[22655]: error: PAM: Authentication failure for rana.taba from 192.168.100.200
I have a question regarding difference between using onerr=fail and onerr=succeed. Does it mean that if I have onerr=succeed and in case something unexpected happens with PAM module, it will allow user login to continue? If this is true then this is big security risk, but on the other hand big risk is also having onerr=fail which will lock the system completely in case something unexpected happens.
Please be aware that this only works if PAM is processed. If you’re using SSH keys, PAM _auth_ will be skipped entirely, thus allowing anyone with a key in to the system. You would need to limit it in the account or session areas instead, or sshd itself.
Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your efforts and I am waiting for your further write ups thanks once again.
Typo: coreect => correct
Issue here is /etc/security/limits.conf and the ‘maxlogins’ parameter. It works fine for unprivileged users, but I also want it to apply to root logins, whether they are from the console or SSH. My limits.conf has:
root – maxlogins 2
but it does not work.
# man limits.conf
says:
maxlogins
maximum number of logins for this user except for this with uid=0
however,
# man pam_limits
says:
Users of uid=0 are affected by this [sic] limits, too.
Josh, I was hoping your pointer re: SSH keys would do the trick — I moved /root/.ssh/authorized_keys to authorized_keys.bak, and password prompts came back … but root can still login via SSH infinitely.
Anyone?
Nice post. I learn something new and challenging on websites I stumbleupon on a daily basis. It’s always interesting to read articles from other authors and use a little something from their web sites.
Hi All ,
I wanted to disable UsePAM no in ssh configuration file at user level so could you please help to achieve the same .
I got here trying to do the opposite – to authenticate user forcing him to login to remote ssh server.