A typical question asked by many new Linux users. The answer is pretty simple:
Your partitions are not being unmounted properly when you last shutdown the Linux desktop. Linux needs to shutdown properly (I’m sure this applies to Windows and Mac OS too) before powered off. If you skip this step there could be data loss.
If you are using text based session (CLI), type following command as privileged user:
shutdown -h now
OR
halt
If you are using GUI (KDE / Gnome or any other Windows Manager) click on System > Quit button. Look out for shutdown button.
Do not unplug the power supply. Also use UPS (Uninterruptible power supply) to protect data and to avoid other problems. I recommend APC ups for continuous supply of electric power.
Updated for accuracy.
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![Repairing Linux ext2 or ext3 or ext4 File System [ fsck ]](https://www.cyberciti.biz/images/rp/13/9.jpg)
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you can also adjust file ext2/ext3 system parameters on partitions via tune2fs.
if you regularly turn off your pc, and you leave the file system defaults, the drives will fsck on a routine schedule (e.g. every 30 mounts or 120 days…).
“man tune2fs” to learn more.
Not ‘-r’ but rather ‘-h’. -r does a reboot, while -h does a halt, which should power your computer down.
Shawn, you’re exactly right. Here is a useful link how to change maximum mounts count value for filesystem: Set up mount count after system will be checked by e2fsck.
Jonathan, thanks for pointing out small issue.
Shawn, correct, but I don’t think so new user is going to play with that option.
Artem, thanks for sharing tutorial.
How can I shutdown properly an external harddrive partition with reiserfs?
i think the poweroff command work well
In Ubuntu it does routine checks every 30 mounts even if you shut down properly for maintenance.